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The Master of Laws is an academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the "Master of Laws" is the basic professional degree for admission into legal practice. It is commonly abbreviated LL.M., from the Latin ''Legum Magister'' (meaning "master of laws"). ==Background on legal education in common law countries== To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. While in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws (or LL.B.) is required, the U.S. and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law . The Juris Doctor (J.D.) is a professional doctorate〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://aaude.org/documents/public/reference/glossary-graded.doc )〕〔 Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.〕〔. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate〕〔 Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.〕 and first professional graduate degree〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.berkeley.edu/catalog/grad/degrees.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://jd.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/about-us/melbourne-jd )〕 in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other common law countries. Many who hold the degree of Juris Doctor are professionals committed to the practice of law, and may choose to focus their practice on criminal law, tort, family law, corporate law, and/or a wide range of other areas. The majority of individuals holding a J.D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions.〔http://www.ncble.org/〕〔http://barexam.virginia.gov/〕〔http://admissions.calbar.ca.gov/Requirements.aspx〕〔http://www.nybarexam.org/〕 If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a particular area of law, he or she can continue his or her studies after an LL.B or J.D. in an LL.M. program. The word ''legum'' is the genitive plural form of the Latin word ''lex'' and means "of the laws". When used in the plural, it signifies a specific body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word ''jus'', from which the words "juris" and "justice" derive. The highest research degree in law is the S.J.D. (or J.S.D., depending on the institution), and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law (PhD or DPhil depending on the law school in UK), Doctorat en Droit (in France), or the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr.iur.) in Germany. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law) degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada. Most schools require an LL.M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded (often by two graders), orally defended (by an exam known as Viva Voce) and then often published as a book or series of articles. The "Doctor of Laws" (LL.D.) degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「master of laws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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